# Segment 23. Bootstrap Estimation of Uncertainty

## Contents

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Links to the slides: PDF file or PowerPoint file

### Problems

#### To Compute

1. Generate 100 i.i.d. random draws from the beta distribution $Beta$ , for example using MATLAB's betarnd or Python's random.betavariate. Use these to estimate this statistic of the underlying distribution: "value of the 75% percentile point minus value of the 25th percentile point". Now use statistical bootstrap to estimate the distribution of uncertainty of your estimate, for example as a histogram.

2. Suppose instead that you can draw any number of desired samples (each 100 draws) from the distribution. How does the histogram of the desired statistic from these samples compare with the bootstrap histogram from problem 1?

3. What is the actual value of the desired statistic for this beta distribution, computed numerically (that is, not by random sampling)? (Hint: I did this in Mathematica in three lines.)

1. Suppose your desired statistic (for a sample of N i.i.d. data values) was "minimum of the N values". What would the bootstrap estimate of the uncertainty look like in this case? Does this violate the bootstrap theorem? Why or why not?

2. If you knew the distribution, how would you compute the actual distribution for the statistic "minimum of N sampled values", not using random sampling in your computation?

3. For N data points, can you design a statistic so perverse (and different from one suggested in the segment) that the statistical bootstrap fails, even asymptotically as N becomes large?

#### Class Activity

Download the data set given below. It contains 100 draws from a 4 dimensional distribution i.e. each draw returns a 4 dimensional vector, Failed to parse (unknown error): [x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4]\;. The statistic which we are interested in is,

             Failed to parse (unknown error):  t = [\langle x_1 x_2 \rangle,\;\langle x_3 x_4 \rangle]\;.